Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is prone to populist tendencies. It is still healthier than was expected.
The country is searching for an entirely new model of development. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relations continues to influence society. However, there are signs that a secular culture is gaining ground.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also created a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools and later iron ones. They traded with other nations and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan and also art styles as well as a written language and paper making.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state where the monarch and senior officials were from the land aristocracy, while the rest of its population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these people, and sometimes forced them to join the army or build fortifications.
Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje at the close of the time. This new kingdom expanded its territory into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian thinking into its state belief system and made the male-centric filiopiety concept an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families, and had to be respected and obeyed by all people, even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, a nation that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based upon the patterns created by the mouth when pronouncing. This significantly improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was first recorded.
에볼루션 슬롯게임 in Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of graves paved with stone, and decorated with valuable items like amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, constructed from enormous single stones, are also widespread throughout the country.
Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized during the first half of 1st millennium BCE. After that, the peninsula was ruled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. The northern part of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje is the most powerful of these states was weakened by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern territories in Manchuria, and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territorial holdings. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters a post-crisis phase, its development paradigm seems to be changing. The people who are awed by the cost of the old systems support a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and markets for products. On the other hand the supporters of the old system seek to preserve it through nationalist sentiments, and by stoking fears of job losses.
Academics and analysts are divided over the extent to which Korea's development is being driven by these two trends. This article focuses on the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development that include democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also identifies some significant factors that may be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their views to this group. A 2009 survey showed that nearly one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those, 41% claimed that there was not enough evidence from science to support the theory 39% of respondents said that the theory did not align with their beliefs; and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. This level of disbelief approaches that of the United States, where a similar number of people do not accept that humans evolved from less advanced species of life.
In the past, the anti-evolutionist campaign in Korea was focused on teaching students and in bringing Christ to them. An increase in the interest in creation science occurred in the year 1980, following an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event was attended by an impressive crowd of scientists, professors and church leaders.
The success of this event led to the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31, 1981. The inaugural meeting was widely covered in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and attracted a lot of attention.
KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization published its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated slides and film strips from ICR as well as a few books on the subject of creationism, which were published outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the nation in universities and churches.
One instance of an KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were fascinated by creationism that they raised money and secured support to build an enlightened museum on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION that covers topics related to creation science, and it has sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established local branches, which hold seminars and give talks to children in schools and community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the latter half of the 19th century and into the early the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced with miniskirts, and other foreign fashion elements. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern jazz and rock and roll. At this time the famous samulnori or masked dance dramas, were popular with the public. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums and various musical instruments.
Korea's new model of development is being created in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The primary challenge facing the new regime lies in the proper balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-based ones. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining systems that have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and immigrants from northern China. Baekje, a major regional power in the early 4th century expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanders on the border.
The fall of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries saw powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He was the ruler of a large portion of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
However, his rule was short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized ruling system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was then ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.